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Site investigations and soil mechanics




A site investigation in one form or another is always required for any engineering or bulding estructure. The investigation may range in scope from a simple examination of surface soils with or without a few shallow trial pits, to a detailed study of the soil and ground water conditions to a considerable depth below the surface by means of boreholes and in-situ anda laboratory test on the materials encountered.

The extent of the work depends on the importance and foundation arrangement of the structure, the complexity of the soil conditions, and the information which may be available on the behaviour of existing foundations on similar soils. Thus it is not normal practice to sink borcholes anda carry out soil test for single- or two- story dwelling houses or similar structures since there is usually adequate knowledge of the required foundation depths and bearing pressures in any particular locality.

Sufficient information to check the presumed soil conditions can usually be obtained by examing open sewer trenches or shallow excavations for roadworks, or from a few shallow trial pits or hand auger borings. Only if troublesome foundation conditions such as layers of peat or loose fill material were encountered would it be necessary to sink deep boreholes, possibly supplemented by soil tests.



More extensive investigations for light structures are needed where there areproblems of deep-scated swelling and shrinkage of clays or when builiding in ground conditions where there is no information on foundation behaviour, for example in undeveloped territories overseas where there may be climatic or other factors which have an important effect on foundation design.

A detailed site investigation involving deep boreholes and laboratory testing of soils is always a necessity for heavy structures such as bridges, multi-storey buildings, or industrial plants. Even if rock is know to be present at a shallow depth ir is advisable to excavate down to expose the rock in a few places to ensure that there are no zones of deep weathering of heavily shattered or faulted rock. Thorough investigations are equally necessary for engineering structures founded in deep excavations.

As well as providing information for foundation design, they provide essential information on the soil and ground water conditions to contractors tendering for the work Thus, money is saved by obtaining realistic and competitive tenders based on adequate forcknowledge of the ground conditions. A reputable contractor will not gamble on excavation work if its cost arnounts to a substantial proportion of the whole project; he will add a correspondingly large sum to his tender to cover him for the unkcown conditions. Hence the saying, ' you pay the borings wheter you have them or not'

SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS. There are in theprevious test four pairs of synonyms and other four pairs of antonyms. Only one member of each pair is given. Find the other one.
SYNONYMS
1.
Present/
2.
Required/
(actuador):  válvula

SISTEMA
ELECTRÓNICO

Ejemplo de sistema electrónico de control


Los circuitos electrónicos introducen en las señales
que procesan deformaciones debido a sus límites en
amplitud y frecuencia  DISTORSIÓN


Las señales también se ven afectadas porcausas ajenas a su procesado, que añaden fluctuaciones aleatorias a su forma de
onda RUIDO
Ruido térmico (ruido de Johnson): movimiento aleatorio
inducido en forma térmica en cualquier componente
electrónico.


Estrategia descendente: primero definición de los aspectos
principales del sistema y luego entrar en los detalles.
Requerimientos 
del cliente

Diseño 
detallado

Diseño de nivel 
superior

Construcción y prueba 
de los módulos

Especificación de 
nivel superior

Selección de 
tecnología

Pruebas del 
sistema


Requerimientos 
del cliente

Necesidad a cubrir definida por el
cliente (persona no experta s?).

Expresados en términos no técnicos
y posiblemente imprecisos.


Especificación de 
nivel superior

Definición precisa de la respuesta del sistema a
todas las entradas posibles y determinación de
limitaciones en el diseño. Uso de diagrama de
bloques.
La especificación determina lo que el sistema debe hacer pero de ninguna
manera define cómo ha de hacerlo.
Selección de 
tecnología

Técnicas analógicas, digitales o combinación de
ambas.

Tipos de componentes (discretos, integrados).


Decisión sobre técnicas a utilizar para producir
las funciones descritas en la especificación
(hardware, software).

Diseño de nivel 
superior

Determinación del método general de funcionamiento.
 División en módulos 
y especificación de cada módulo.

Diseño 
detallado

Diseño del detalle de cada módulo: circuitos y software. 
Puesta en práctica de las especificaciones.

Construcción y prueba 
de los módulos

Pruebas del 
sistema

Construcción de prototipos y comprobación
de cumplimiento de especificaciones.

Realimentación con el diseño para ajuste.

Ensamble de los módulos desarrollados de forma 
independiente.
 Comprobación de cumplimiento con 
la especificación de nivel superior.
 Realimentación 
con etapas anteriores.

3. Scope/
4.
Thus/
ANTONYMS
1.
Light/
2.
Shallow/
3.
Simple/
4.
Swelling/
Now find words in the test with a similar meaning to the ones below.
1. Adds up, totals //
2. Appropriate, suitable //
3. Containing, including //
4. Established, set up //
5. Excavate, dig //
6. Found, met //
7. Perform, excecute //
8. Perormance, response //
9. Residential //
10. Supporting, withstanding //
11. Vary, fluctuate //
Finally, give your own definitions of terms from the text
1
. Layers /

2.
Swelling /

3.
Tenders /

4.
Weathering /
READING COMPREHENSION.
Answer the questions according to the informaton from the text.
1. How many different types of excavation are mentioned?
2. What are they supplemented with?
3. What types of building projects only require to dig shallow trial pits?
4. Which projects demand deeper boreholes?
5. Which suplementary information is already available or can be used instead of carryingout new test?
6. Why is it sometimes necessary to further investigate the soil conditions with light structures?
7. How can we be sure that there are no zones of faulted rock?
8. Why do contractors often add a large sum to their tenders?


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