modal verbs
“HAVE TO”

'Have to' is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation.
Examples
This answer has to be correct. certainty
The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. necessity
They have to leave early. obligation

Exercise 1
Take on the words in the correct order to make positives, negatives and questions with have to.
 
1. – postman/early./to/has/get/A/up

-------- ----- ------ ----- ----- --------- ----- -------
2. – answer/lots/calls./to/I/of/phone/have

-------- ----- ------ ----- ----- --------- ----- -------
3. – on/The/to/a/she/go/diet./has/doctor/says

-------- ----- ------ ----- ----- --------- ----- -------
4. – go/have/do/you/When/to/home?

-------- ----- ------ ----- ----- --------- ----- -------
5. – to/be/has/mistake./a/This

-------- ----- ------ ----- ----- --------- ----- -------
7. – mad/to/work/You/have/here./to/be

-------- ----- ------ ----- ----- --------- ----- -------
8. - fault. was to my say I have it

-------- ----- ------ ----- ----- --------- ----- -------

Exercise 2
Rearrange the lines

All your money on clothes and going out but you have to
Of self study so you do have to be
your own clothes and manage your own budget. You quickly learn that you mustn’t spend
Being a student at university is very
Different from being at school. At university, you don’t have to wear
Able to plan your own work. As you live away from home, you also have to be
Able to look after yourself! You have to wash
A uniform and you don’t have to be
There all day every day. But you do have to work
Buy food and books.
Hard. You have to do a lot
__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ __________ ______ ____ __________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ____________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

__________ ______ ____ _________________

“MUST”

Must' is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form 'have to.'

Exercise 3
Mix and Match

He´s broken his leg. It must be great living here.

The house is huge. You must be very tired.

You’ve had a long day. It must be worth a fortune.

I can’t find my keys. He must be in terrible pain.

If you missed lunch, you must be hungry.

It’s a beautiful city. He’s older than me so he must be 20

Whose is this umbrella? You must be cold.

How old is William now? It must be Sally’s.What time is it? They must be here somewhere.

You’re not wearing a coat. It must be six o’clock by now.

Exercise 4
Complete the sentences using MUST or HAVE TO
1) I ____________ be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably ___________ take a taxi if I want to be on time.

2) You _______________ submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, address, and background information are correct. If the form is not accurate and complete, you will be rejected and you will __________ reapply at a later date.

3) Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them?
Stephanie: It ____________ have been David. He's the only one who would send you flowers.

4) You _________________ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
5) You __________________ be so rude! Why don't you try saying 'please' once in a while?

6) If you are over 18 in California, you ______________ take a driver training course to get a driver's license. You can have a friend or a family member teach you instead. But remember, you ___________ still get your permit before you start practicing.

7) Yesterday, I ____________ cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.

8) Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport. Barbara: She ___________ still be sitting there waiting for us.

9) When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She always used to say, 'One _____________ eat with one's mouth open.' Or, she would correct us by saying, 'One ____________ rest one's elbows on the table.' And every time I wanted toleave the table, she would say, 'One ___________ ask to be excused.'

10) I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book ___________ be wrong!

REMEMBER: 'Do not have to' vs. 'Must not'
'Do not have to' suggests that someone is not required to do something. 'Must not' suggests that you are prohibited from doing something.
Examples:
* You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed.
* You don't have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not necessary

“SHOULD SHOULDN’T”
'Should' is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.
Examples:
* When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation
* You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
* I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
* By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation

Exercise 5
Complete the sentences using “Should”

1. I´ve got a headache. You drink/water).

2. I´ve forgotten my books. You tell/teacher).

3. My back hurts. You go/doctor's).

4. The house is very untidy. You tidy).

5. I've got toothache. You see/dentist).

Exercise 6
Chose should or shouldn't.

1) You ___________ be so selfish.
2) I don’t think you __________ smoke so much.
3) You ____________ exercise more.
4) I think you ___________ try to speak to her.
5) You are overweight. You________ go on a diet.
6)Where____________ we park our car?
7) You____________ never speak to your mother like this.
8) The kids _____________ spend so much time in front of the TV.
9) ______________ I tell her the truth or should I say nothing?
10) I think we____________ reserve our holiday in advance.

PRESENT CONTINIOUS FOR FUTURE

EXERCISE 7
Answer the questions below using the present continuous
tense. Refer to the diary below.
This is Jerry’s diary
MONDAY Play Tennis
TUESDAY Meet Tasmina
WEDNESDAY Theatre with Bob
THURSDAY Job interview
FRIDAY Airport for plane to Zimbabwe
1 What is Jerry doing on Wednesday?
A. Jerry is going to the theatre with Bob on Wednesday.
2. What is Jerry doing on Monday?
A.__________ ______ ____ __________________
3. What is Jerry doing on Friday?
A.__________ ______ ____ __________________
4. What is Jerry doing on Thursday?
A.__________ ______ ____ __________________
5. What is Jerry doing on Tuesday?
A.__________ ______ ____ __________________

EXERCISE 8
A friend is planning a holiday. You ask her about her
plans. Use the words in brackets to form your questions
in the present continuous tense. The first one has been
done for you.

1 ( where go) Where are you going?
2 (how long stay)__________ ______ ____ ___________
3 ( when go )__________ ______ ____ ______________
4 (go alone)__________ ______ ____ _______________
5 (travel by car)__________ ______ ____ ____________
6 (where stay)__________ ______ ____ _____________
7 (what do) __________ ______ ____ _______________
8 (what see) __________ ______ ____ ______________
9 (who visit) __________ ______ ____ ______________
10 (when return)__________ ______ ____ ____________

ZERO CONDITIONAL
The zeroconditional is a structure used for talking about general truths — things which always happen under certain conditions. This page will explain how the zero conditional is formed, and when to use it.
A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause (In most zero conditional sentences you can use when or if and the meaning will stay the same
Example If you cross an international date line, the time changes.

Exercise 9
Make a zero conditional sentence using the words.
For example: 'water / boil / heat / to 100 degrees' becomes 'Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees.'
1. if / no / rain / the grass / not / grow
__________ ______ ____ __________
2. you / not / eat / you / die
_____ _______ ______ _______________
3. my daughter / eat / too much chocolate / she /get / sick
__________ ______ ____ __________
4. iron / rust / it / get / wet
__________ ______ ____ _________
5. ice / float / you / drop / it / in water
__________ ______ ____ _

Exercise 10
To place the correct number in the parenthesis

( 1 )If you see him, ( ) you have to buy your snack.
( )If you get there early, ( ) your save ten per cent.
( )If you don’t receive it tomorrow, ( ) expect me at eight o’clock
( )When you by online, ( ) drink plenty of water
( )When you fly on one of the budget airlines, ( ) give me a call
( )When you do exercise, ( ) you get the basic service
( )Unless you pay extra,( 1 ) tell him I want to speak to him.
( )Unless he is going to pay you ( ) wait for me the hall.
( )Unless I phone to say I’ll be late, ( ) don’t do it.

FIRST CONDITIONAL
The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the first conditional is formed, and when to use it.
Example If you study hard, you will pass the test.
Exercise 11
Put the correct form of each verb in brackets in the line.
1) If you___________ (not study), you____________ fail) the test.
2) We_____________ (die) if we________________ not get) help soon!
3) If you__________ look) in the fridge, you_____________ (find) some cold drinks.
4) If there__________ (be) no oil in the engine, the car__________ (break) down.
5) I______________ (lend) you my umbrella if you___________ need) it.
6) The sea level_____________ rise) if the planet______________ (get) hotter.
7) If you___________ eat) your sandwiches now, you___________( not have) anything for lunch!
8) You___________ (be) safe in an accident if you_________________ wear) your seatbelt.
9) If he____________ (save) all his money, he______________ be able to go) on holiday to Canada.
10) I__________ (not come) with you if you___________ not bring) John!

Exercise 12
Choose the correct form of each verb to complete each sentence.

1. If a deer ________ into your garden, it ________ all your plants.
A. ?  gets / will eat
B.   ?  will get / eats
2. If you ________ an apple every day, you'll be very healthy.
C. ? eat
D.   ? will eat
3. You'll pay higher insurance if you ________ asports car.
E. ?  will buy
F.   ?  buy
4. You ________ better if you turn on the lamp.
G.   ? are able to see
H. ? will be able to see
5. If you don't put so much sugar in your coffee, you ________ so much weight!
I.  don't put on
J. ? won't put on
6. You won't pass the course if you ________.
K. ? won't study
L.   ? don't study
7. If we don't protect the elephant, it ________ extinct.
M. ?  will become
N.   ?  becomes
8. If I ________ some eggs, how many ________?
O. ?  cook / will you eat
P.   ?  will cook / do you eat
9. She ________ completely different if she cuts her hair.
Q.   ?  will look
R. ? looks
10. You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat.
S.   ?  will get
T. ?  get

PRESENT PERFECT

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.
The concept of 'unspecified time' can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics.
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, 'I have the experience of' You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Exercise 13
Write positive sentences in present perfect simple
The following people have just completed an action.

1. It is already 9:30 PM and I (wait) ________________ here for over an hour. If John does not get here in the next five minutes, I am going to leave.

2. I was really angry at John yesterday. By the time he finally arrived, I (wait) _______________ for over an hour. I almost left without him.

3. Did youhear that Ben was fired last month? He (work) _________________ for that import company for more than ten years and he (work) _______________ in almost every department. Nobody knew the company like he did.

4. I (see) _____________ many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.

5. Sarah (climb) ____________ the Matterhorn, (sail) _________ around the world, and (go) _________ on safari in Kenya. She is such an adventurous person.

6. Sarah (climb) _____________ the Matterhorn, (sail) ____________ around the world and (go) ___________ on safari in Kenya by the time she turned twenty-five. She (experience) _____________ more by that age than most people do in their entire lives.

7. When Melanie came into the office yesterday, her eyes were red and watery. I think she (cry) _____________.

Exercise 14
Fill the gaps with 'have' or 'has'.
1. I ____With I, you, we, they or plural nouns, we use have. answered the question.
2. She ____With he, she, it or a singular noun, we use has. opened the window.
3. They ____With I, you, we, they or plural nouns, we use have. called us.
4. You ____With I, you, we, they or plural nouns, we use have. carried a box.
5. It ____With he, she, it or a singular noun, we use has. rained a lot.
6. We ____With I, you, we, they or plural nouns, we use have. washed the car.
7. He ____With he, she, it or a singular noun, we use has. closed the window.
8. Jenny ____With he, she, it or a singular noun, we use has. locked the door.
9. The girls ____With I, you, we, they or plural nouns, we use have. visited the museum.
10. John and Sophie ______With I, you, we, they or plural nouns, we use have.
NOte: John and Sophie are both singularnouns, but together they are 2 people (=plural), that's why we use have helped in the garden.

SIMPLE PAST
The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.
For irregular verbs, use the past form For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
* action in the past taking place once, never or several times
Example: He visited his parents every weekend.
* actions in the past taking place one after the other
Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.
* action in the past taking place in the middle of another action
Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.
* if sentences type II (If I talked, …)
Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.

Exercise 15 Complete the sentences with was or were.
1. I ______Use was for I/he/she/it or a singular noun. happy.
2. You ______Use were for you/we/they or a plural noun. angry.
3. She _______Use was for I/he/she/it or a singular noun. in London last week.
4. He ______Use was for I/he/she/it or a singular noun. on holiday.
5. It ______Use was for I/he/she/it or a singular noun. cold.
6. We ______Use were for you/we/they or a plural noun. at school.
7. You _______Use were for you/we/they or a plural noun. at the cinema.
8. They _______Use were for you/we/they or a plural noun. at home.
9. The cat _______Use was for I/he/she/it or a singular noun. on the roof.
10. The children ______Use were for you/we/they or a plural noun. in the garden.

Exercise 16
Write positive sentences in simple past.
1. he / the question / answer__________ ______ ____ ____
2. you / a question / ask__________ ______ ____ ________
3.the dog / bark__________ ______ ____ ______________
4. they / us / call__________ ______ ____ ______________
5. we / a mountain / climb__________ ______ ____ ______
6. John / stamps / collect__________ ______ ____ _______
7. we / in London / live__________ ______ ____ _________
8. I / hungry / be__________ ______ ____ ______________
9. they / a hamster / have__________ ______ ____ _______
10. he / to school / go__________ ______ ____ ___________

PAST EXPRESSIONS
(Time expressions)

There are many words and expressions to refer to time. You can use these to sequence events and to make stories and anecdotes more interesting.
Pretérito Perfecto Simple can be accompanied by past time expressions that are not related to the present. It is a finished action that was completed in a time frame that is different to the one the speaker is talking from (again, subjectively). Therefore, the action is not relevant today.
Exercise 17
'Past time expressions” Place the correct word on the stripes
WHEN, IN, AT, WHEN, ON,IN, AT, ON, FOR, LAST AGO.

1. I was born in Africa IN 1970.
2. My parents moved back to England _____ I was five.
3. We lived in Bristol ____ three years.
4. I left college three years _____.
5. I usually go home ____ the weekend
6. I didn't go home ____ weekend because some friends came to stay.
7. They arrived____ three o'clock in the afternoon.
8. ____ Saturday evening we went out to a concert.
9. _____ we got home, we listened to some music.
10. We got up late___ Sunday morning.
11. ____ the afternoon, we went for a walk.

Exercise 18
Mix and Match the correct translation

In the morning Todas las mañanas
Right nowNunca
In the evening Por la tarde
Now A veces
Usually En este momento
Never Ahora mismo
Sometimes Ahora
At the moment Por la noche
Always Por la tarde/ noche
In the afternoon Normalmente
Hardly ever Siempre
At night Casi nunca
Every morning Por la mañana

LINKING WORDS
Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas.
Linking words are used to link ideas when writing. They enable the writing to flow from one idea to the next in a logical and cohesive way. There are three main types of linking words:
* conjunctions
* sentence connectors
* subordinators.

Exercise 19. Place the correct word on the stripes
PROVIDED, IN ORDER TO, DESPITE, THEN, AS, OTHERWISE, BECAUSE, IN ORDER TO, BUT, UNLESS, DESPITE.

1. You can borrow my car PROVIDED you bring it back tomorrow.
2. __________ her reputation, she is not that good a writer.
3. To start with I'll have a shrimp cocktail _________, I'll try thelobster.
4. The match will take place __________ the bad weather conditions.
5. I work very hard ______________ get promotion.
6. Don't cross that street ____________ you have to.
7. He bought that tie __________ please her.
8. Let her go__________ she's going to be late.
9. _____ it's raining I'm taking my raincoat.
10. He loves music ______ he never goes to concerts.
11. I opened the window_____________ it was too hot in the room.

Exercise 20
* Link the following sentences with these conjunctions
however but though although

1. She is handicapped. She took part in the marathon.
He smoked, drank, and never took exercise. He lived to be 100.
John felt sick. He went out to work.
Thousands of pupils are leaving school. There are no jobs for them.
__________ ______ ____ _____ _______ ______ ______________

_

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle

Examples of Passive Level: lower intermediate
Tense | Subject | Verb | Object |
Simple Present | Active: | Rita | writes | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | iswritten | by Rita. |
Simple Past | Active: | Rita | wrote | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | was written | by Rita. |
Present Perfect | Active: | Rita | has written | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | has been written | by Rita. |
Future I | Active: | Rita | will write | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | will be written | by Rita. |
Hilfsverben | Active: | Rita | can write | a letter. |
| Passive: | A letter | can be written | by Rita. |

Exercise 21
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. He opens the door: The door is opened by him
2. We set the table _____ _______ ______ ________
3. She pays a lot of money ___________________
4. Draw a picture _____ _______ ______ __________
5. They wear blue shoes ____________________
6. They don't help you _____ _______ ______ ______
7. He doesn't open the book ___________________
8. You do not write the letter __________________
9. Does your mum pick you up __________________
10. Does the police officer catch the thief _________________

Exercise 22
Write passive sentences in Simple Present.

1. the documents / print

__________ ______ ____ _______________

2. the window / open

__________ ______ ____ _______________

3. the shoes / buy

__________ ______ ____ _______________

4. the car / wash

__________ ______ ____ _______________

5. the litter / throw away

__________ ______ ____ ______________

6. the letter / send

__________ ______ ____ ______________

7. the book / read / not

__________ ______ ____ ______________

8. the songs / sing / not

__________ ______ ____ ______________

9. the food / eat / not

__________ ______ ____ ______________

10. the shop / close / not